There are six basic stages of cement manufacturing process. Stage 1:Raw Material Extraction/Quarry The raw cement ingredients needed for the production of cement are limestone (calcium), sand and clay (silicon, aluminum, iron), slate, fly ash, inlays and bauxite. The mineral rocks are extracted and crushed into smaller pieces of approximately 6 inches. The secondary crushers…
Cement is a very useful binding material in construction. The applications of cement in various fields of construction have made it a very important civil engineering material. Some of the numerous functions of cement are detailed below. It is used in mortars for plaster, masonry, notes, etc. It is used to make joints of drains…
Cement is the most important building materials it is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units like stones, bricks, tiles and many more. Cement generally refer as a very fine powder substance very chiefly made up of limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), aluminum and iron ore and may include shells,…
The inspection, the first step to start a new civil engineering project, is a very important branch of civil engineering. To understand the techniques of surveying a student, you should carefully study the basic concepts of it. To begin to learn the topography one must begin with the definition of topography and its importance. The…
Types of Raft Foundation Various types of Raft foundation used depending on the condition of soil and the load transfer mechanism on the foundation. Followings are the different types of raft foundation used in construction: 1.Flate plate mat 2.Plate thickened under the column 3.Two-way beam and slab Raft 4.Plate raft with pedestals 5.Plied raft 6.Rigid Frame Mat or…
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab resting on a large area reinforced with steel in support with columns or walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil. Mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the structure. Raft foundation is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial buildings where…
There are various types of foundations but they are categories under shallow and deep foundations. Following difference represent the difference of both types of foundations in relation with the definitions, depth, cost, feasibility, mechanism of load transfer, advantage and disadvantage. Sr No Sources Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation 1 Definition Foundation which is placed near the…
What is sand ? Definition: Sand is a mix of small grains of rock and granular materials which is mainly define by size. As it finer than gravel and coarser than silt and the ranging in size from 0.06 mm to 2 mm. Particles which are larger than 0.0078125 mm but usually smaller than 0.0625 mm are termed silt. Sand is made…
Definition of Soil : The terminology Soil is define as an unconsolidated material composed of solid particles which produce by disintegration of rock. Soil formation and soil types : 1.On the basis Of geological origin soil may organic or inorganic types 2.Organic soils are extremely compressible und their use a foundation material is avoided. 3.Peat muck and…
Foundation is one among the foremost vital elements of the structure. Foundation is outlined as that a part of the structure that transfers the load from the structure moreover as its own weight over an outsizes space of soil in such how that the load doesn’t exceed the final word bearing capability of the soil and therefore the settlement of the whole structure remains inside a tolerable limit. Foundation is that the a part of a structure on that the building stands. The physical object on that the muse rests is termed the muse bed. Why…
