FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
- Introduction to Surveying
- Plane & Geodetic Surveying
- Classification of Surveying based on Purpose
- Classification of Survey based on Instruments used
- Principles of Surveying
- Scale of a Map
- Error due to wrong measuring scale
- Use of Verniers in Scales
DIRECTION & DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
- Introduction to Chain Surveying
- Types of Tapes in Surveying
- Accessories for Chaining
- Ranging or Ranging Out
- Errors in Chaining
- Error & Corrections
- Tape Corrections
- Measurements of Direction Compass Surveying
- Compass Travers and Measurement of Angles
- Types of Bearings in Surveying
- Designation of Bearings and Reduced Bearing
- Fore Bearing and Back Bearing
THEODOLITE
- Introduction of Theodolite
- Parts of a Theodolite
- Main parts of Vernier Theodolite
- Error in Theodolite
- Temporary Adjustments of a Theodolite
- Measurement of Horizontal Angles
TRAVERSING
- Introduction of Travering
- Method of Traversing and Angular Measurements
- Consecutive & Independent Co-ordinate
- Error of Closure and Relative Error of Closure
- Adjustment of Traverse
- Gale’s Traverse Table
- Omitted Measurements
LEVELING
- Introduction to Leveling
- Bench Marks (B.M.)
- Different Methods of Leveling
- Levelling Instruments
- Booking of Levels: Height of Instrument and Rise and Fall Methods
- Curvature and Refraction Correction in Levelling
- Differential and Reciprocal Levelling
CONTOURING
- Introduction
- Use of Contours
- Definition of Contour
- Contour Interval
- Characteristics of Contour Lines
- Typical Land Features and their Contour Forms Slopes
- Valley Line and Ridge Line
TACHEOMATRY
- Introduction to Tacheometry
- Tacheometer
- Stadia Rod
- Methods of Tacheometry
- Distance and Elevation Formula for Inclined Sights
- Advantages and Disadvantages of the Movable-hair Method
- Tangential Method of Tacheometry
PLANE TABLE
- Introduction
- Accessories used in Plane Table Surveying
- Setting up the Plane Table
- Methods of Plane Table Orientation
- Methods of Plane Table Surveying