Learn and get Best civil engineering subject wise Notes, Lectures, Excel templates and Software knowledge at one place
A map shows where things are. But a road, a canal or a dam depends just as much on how high the ground is — and a flat sheet of paper has no obvious way to show that. Contour lines solve the problem, and they do it so effectively that they have become the standard way of…
Every road gradient, every drainage scheme and every building foundation depends on knowing how high things are. Levelling is the operation that determines it — and it rests on a surprisingly subtle idea, because “height” has to be measured from somewhere, and the surface of the earth is curved. What Levelling Is ? Levelling is the…
IMPORTANCE AND REQUIREMENT OF SURVEY | CHECKLIST OF SITE ENGINEER SURVEYING: Surveying is the art of making such measurements as will determine the rela…
Target staff SELF-READING STAFF A staff on which readings are directly read by the observer through the telescope is known as self-reading staff
Introduction The locations of the points and the orientation of the lines are usually determined by the observation of angles and directions
During the survey of the alignment of a project involving roads or railways, the direction of the line may change due to some unavoidable circumstances
THEODOLITE – An instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles accurately is known as theodolite
SOURCES OF ERROR IN THEODOLITE WORK The sources of error in the theodolite work may be broadly divided into three categories: a
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING PRINCIPLE OF PLANE TABLE SURVEYING The principle of plane tabling is parallelism, meaning that the rays drawn from stations to obj…