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Complete guide to vertical alignment in highway engineering. Covers gradient definition, four types (ruling, limiting, exceptional, minimum), effects on traffic, grade compensation formula, and IRC rules.
Complete guide to transition curves (clothoid/spiral) in highway engineering — three length criteria, shift formula, tangent distance, setting out methods, and IRC recommendations with solved example.
Complete guide to super elevation (cant/banking) in highway engineering. Formula derivation, IRC maximum values, 4-step design procedure, equilibrium SE, and attainment methods explained.
Master Overtaking Sight Distance (OSD) with step-by-step d1, d2, d3 component derivation, IRC rules for overtaking zones, comparison with SSD, and fully solved numerical examples.