Plane table surveying is a type of land surveying that uses a plane table, alidade, and sight rod to determine the locations of points on the surface of the earth. It is a graphical method of surveying and is typically used for smaller scale projects where a quick and efficient survey is needed. In plane…

Leveling is a surveying method used to determine the elevations of points relative to a reference level, such as mean sea level. It is used to measure the height of objects above or below a reference level, such as the height of buildings, bridges, or terrain. Leveling is performed using a surveying instrument called a…

 Compass surveying is a type of land surveying that uses a magnetic compass to measure angles between points on the surface of the earth. It is also known as bearing surveying or traverse surveying. In compass surveying, a magnetic compass is used to determine the magnetic bearing of a line between two points. The magnetic…

 Chain Surveying is a type of traditional surveying that involves measuring linear distances using a chain or tape and recording the location of objects and features on the earth’s surface. The process involves a surveyor walking along the ground with a chain or tape and using other instruments, such as a compass or a level,…

 Surveying instruments are tools used by surveyors to measure and accurately determine the size, position, and shape of objects and features on the earth’s surface. Some common surveying instruments include: Total Station: An electronic instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance meter to measure angles and distances on the earth’s surface. Theodolite:…

 Astronomical Surveying is a type of surveying that uses astronomical observations to measure the positions and movements of celestial objects, including stars, planets, and satellites. The purpose of Astronomical Surveying is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the positions and movements of celestial objects, which is critical for a wide range of applications, including…

 Marine Surveying, also known as Hydrographic Surveying, is a type of surveying that focuses on mapping and documenting the features of bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and harbors. The purpose of Marine Surveying is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the bathymetry, topography, and hydrodynamics of waterways, which is critical for a…

 City Surveying, also known as Urban Surveying, is a type of land surveying that focuses on mapping and documenting the physical and cultural features of urban areas, including buildings, infrastructure, parks, and public spaces. The purpose of City Surveying is to provide a comprehensive and accurate representation of the built environment, which is critical for…

 A Cadastral Survey is a type of land surveying that focuses on determining and mapping the ownership and boundaries of land and property. The purpose of a Cadastral Survey is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the ownership, size, and location of land and property, which is critical for a wide range of applications,…

 A Topographical Survey is a type of land surveying that maps and describes the physical features of a piece of land, including its elevations, contours, and natural and man-made features. The purpose of a Topographical Survey is to provide a detailed and accurate representation of the land surface, including its shape, size, and features, for…