Surveying instruments are tools used by surveyors to measure and accurately determine the size, position, and shape of objects and features on the earth’s surface. Some common surveying instruments include: Total Station: An electronic instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance meter to measure angles and distances on the earth’s surface. Theodolite:…

 Astronomical Surveying is a type of surveying that uses astronomical observations to measure the positions and movements of celestial objects, including stars, planets, and satellites. The purpose of Astronomical Surveying is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the positions and movements of celestial objects, which is critical for a wide range of applications, including…

 Marine Surveying, also known as Hydrographic Surveying, is a type of surveying that focuses on mapping and documenting the features of bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and harbors. The purpose of Marine Surveying is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the bathymetry, topography, and hydrodynamics of waterways, which is critical for a…

 City Surveying, also known as Urban Surveying, is a type of land surveying that focuses on mapping and documenting the physical and cultural features of urban areas, including buildings, infrastructure, parks, and public spaces. The purpose of City Surveying is to provide a comprehensive and accurate representation of the built environment, which is critical for…

 A Cadastral Survey is a type of land surveying that focuses on determining and mapping the ownership and boundaries of land and property. The purpose of a Cadastral Survey is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the ownership, size, and location of land and property, which is critical for a wide range of applications,…

 A Topographical Survey is a type of land surveying that maps and describes the physical features of a piece of land, including its elevations, contours, and natural and man-made features. The purpose of a Topographical Survey is to provide a detailed and accurate representation of the land surface, including its shape, size, and features, for…

 Land Surveying is the measurement and mapping of land and property boundaries, topography, and features. It involves the use of specialized equipment and techniques to accurately determine the location and dimensions of property lines, buildings, natural features, and other elements on the land surface. The main objective of Land Surveying is to provide accurate information…

 Surveying can be classified into the following categories based on the type of measurement and application: Geodetic Surveying: deals with large-scale, precise measurements of the Earth’s surface, including its shape, size, and gravity field. Plane Surveying: deals with smaller-scale, two-dimensional measurements of land, including the location of boundaries, topography, and features. Engineering Surveying: provides critical…

Geodetic Surveying is a division of surveying that deals with the large-scale, precise measurement of the Earth’s surface, including its shape, size, and gravity field. It involves the determination of the exact position and orientation of points on the Earth’s surface using complex mathematical and geodetic techniques. In Geodetic Surveying, a variety of tools and…

Plane Surveying is a division of surveying that deals with the measurement of two-dimensional features on the surface of the Earth. It involves the determination of horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and elevations of points, lines, and areas on a specific plane or plane surface. Plane Surveying is typically used for smaller-scale mapping and land…